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meat type goats. It is necessary to remember that they are small
ruminants, but they do not possess the magic to digest poor quality or
trash type feeds as some people think. They appear to require some more
quality in their rations than larger ruminants. Their ability to
survive under adverse conditions stems from their being more selective
in feeding and able to conserve critical nutrients (minerals, protein,
water, etc.). For a high level of production of growing kids they
respond to good quality diets with 12-180001:0000rotein contents. They do
utilize poor quality roughages such as stovers, straw, etc. very well.
In commercial practice, supplemental feeding of goats will be
restricted to winter or drought periods, and then almost any available
feedstuffs will be used. Younger goats will require a better quality
ration than mature animals to provide nutrients for growth and
development.
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MEAT GOAT PRODUCTION
11 Health
Goats are as susceptible to all the diseases and parasites as other
ruminants. However, grazing habits and inborn resistance appear to give
some advantages. Goats which are primarily browsers may require no
treatment for internal parasites, but otherwise may require regularly
anthelmintics. Drugs of choice may be the same as used for sheep.
Coccidiosis may cause severe problems with goats, especially when
managed under confined conditions. Isolated flocks with no history of
problems may well require no immunizations at all. On pastures and
ranges with past history of soremouth, flocks will benefit from
immunization. Intensively managed flocks may benefit from vaccination
for enterotoxemia, especially when large quantities of concentrate
feeds (e.g. corn) are utilized. Pinkeye (keratoconjunctivitis) can be a
problem, but no satisfactory immunizing agents seem to exist.
12 Management
The only management practice which is widely practiced is
castration of surplus male meat type kids. This improves growth rate
little, and eliminates odor and sanitation problems. Castration also
eliminates breeding by undesirable males. In the market place,
castrated meat goats are preferred over the intact males.
úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúThe National Dairy Database (1992)úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúú
úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúú\NDB\GOAT\TEXT1\B4úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúú
%f TITLE;MEAT GOAT PRODUCTION
%f COLLECTION;GOAT HANDBOOK
%f ORIGIN;United States
%f DATE_INCLUDED;June 1992
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METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
COLLECTION: GOAT HANDBOOK
ORIGIN: United States
DATE INCLUDED: June 1992
Extension Goat Handbook
This material was contributed from collections at the National Agricultural
Library. However, users should direct all inquires about the contents to
authors or originating agencies.
DOCN 000000026
NO C-5
TI METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
AU D. R. Nelson; U. of Illinois, Urbana
RV S. B. Guss; Pennsylvania State U., University Park
DE Nutrition
Text
1 Pregnancy Toxemia
Also known as pregnancy disease, ketosis or twin lamb disease.
Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease of goats and sheep in late
pregnancy. Factors important in the development of the disease are: (1)
Presence of two or more fetuses; (2) Undernourishment during late
pregnancy when the fetuses have the most rapid growth; (3) Addition of
stress such as severe weather, sudden changes in feed, other disease or
transportation upon the previous factors. The disease usually appears
in the last 30 days of pregnancy and is more common after the first
pregnancy. The does show signs of ketonemia, ketonuria, acidosis and
central nervous system involvement. The mortality rate is high in
affected animals. Most information available is the result of studies
in sheep.
2 Cause -- As pregnancy progresses, an increasing demand is on the
available blood glucose supply of the doe or ewe because of fetal
development. The principal source of energy to the fetus is glucose
and utilization by the fetus occurs at the detriment of the mother.
Glucose requirements during late pregnancy are increased 70-800ver
the nonpregnant state since 800f fetal growth occurs during the last
40 days of pregnancy. Blood sugar levels decrease as pregnancy
progresses (hypoglycemia) from a normal 35-45 mg per 100 ml blood to
20-25 mg per 100 ml blood in late pregnancy. Pregnancy toxemia may
develop when levels decrease to about 18 mg per 100 ml blood. The
severity of hypoglycemia will be directly affected by undernourishment
of the mother or by increased requirements of the fetus(es).
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METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
3 As the glucose supply diminishes from increasing fetal demands and
decreased glucose production due to undernourishment, energy
requirements are furnished by other metabolic pathways, i.e. from free
fatty acids and amino acids. Breakdown of the free fatty acids results
in increased production of ketones, acetoacetate and
B-hydroxybutyrate. As hypoglycemia becomes more severe, the ketone
level in the blood increases (ketonemia) and ketosis occurs.
4 As ketosis increases, the bicarbonate level in the blood decreases
and acidosis may result. When the bicarbonate level declines
sufficiently, the animal will become comatose. During the later stages
of pregnancy toxemia, water consumption decreases, urine output is
decreased and kidney function is impaired. The blood sugar level may
increase severely (hyperglycemia) during the late stages of the
disease as a result of the response of the adrenal glands to stress.
5 Circumstances which cause severe hypoglycemia will usually result
in pregnancy toxemia. Under-nourishment of the doe may not meet the
demands for glucose production. The level of nutrition should be
increasing as pregnancy progresses so that the doe will be able to
provide fetal requirements. The doe should be gaining weight during
pregnancy. As previously mentioned, multiple fetuses greatly increase
the glucose requirements. A gradual onset of undernourishment, as would
be seen if the feed intake was not increased during pregnancy, may be
tolerated by the doe and toxemia may not develop. However, if the
animal is starved for several days, pregnancy toxemia may develop
readily. Sudden changes in weather, infections or transport may result
in periods of inappetence and may trigger pregnancy toxemia.
Excessively fat animals may develop periods of poor appetite under
stressful situations.
6 Clinical Signs -- Clinical signs are those observed with involvement
of the central nervous system. Initially, the animal tends to separate
from others. There is mild depression. Evidence of blindness develops,
the animal runs into objects, shows little or no reaction when
approached, and wanders aimlessly. Dullness and depression become
progressively severe. There is reluctance to move. Eventually they go
down in sternal or lateral recumbency and show little or no response to
their environment. The does become comatose and eventually die.
7 Occasionally, animals may show a short period or intermittent
periods of hypersensitivity. There may be quivering, twitching of the
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